For those unfamiliar, plug-in solar (sometimes called “plug-and-play” or “balcony solar”) refers to small, portable solar panel systems that can be plugged directly into a standard household outlet. Instead of requiring a full rooftop installation, permits, and a lengthy interconnection process with the utility, these systems are designed to be simple and accessible—often something a renter or homeowner can set up themselves. They typically generate a modest amount of power (up to about 1,200 watts), which can help offset a portion of a household’s electricity use and lower energy bills.

Utah became the first state to legalize plug-in solar, allowing certified portable solar systems (up to 1,200 watts) to plug directly into a standard household outlet without the traditional permitting and interconnection process. Since then, several other states have followed or introduced similar legislation. (NCEL)

Meanwhile, plug-in solar is already widely used across Europe, where it has become a mainstream entry point into renewable energy for everyday households. In countries like Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands, “balcony solar” systems (often called Balkonkraftwerke) are extremely popular, with hundreds of thousands of units installed. These systems are typically limited to around 600–800 watts and can be registered online in minutes, with minimal bureaucracy. Governments and regulators in these countries have embraced the technology as a way to democratize energy production, especially for renters and apartment dwellers who cannot install rooftop systems.

Germany in particular has seen rapid growth, with simplified rules, standardized safety certifications, and even subsidies in some regions to encourage adoption. The European approach generally treats plug-in solar as a low-risk, consumer appliance rather than a complex grid interconnection project, provided it meets safety standards like anti-islanding protection. As a result, adoption has scaled quickly, helping households reduce energy costs and contributing to broader climate goals without overburdening utilities or regulators.

California has some of the highest electricity rates in the country and is supposed to be a leader in clean energy, yet residents still face barriers to using affordable plug-in solar systems. The California Senate has already passed SB 868, which would legalize these systems, but it still needs to clear the Assembly before becoming law. (pv magazine USA)

What do you think is holding California back? Is it utility companies, safety concerns, existing regulations, or something else?

I’d love to hear from anyone following SB 868 or who has experience with plug-in solar in Utah or Europe.